Canopy Layer (Overstory) — FarmPal

The tallest layer consisting of large fruit and nut trees that form the forest ceiling. These trees define the microclimate and provide structure for the entire system.

Height
30-60+ feet

Functions

  • •Provides structure and defines microclimate
  • •Maximum carbon sequestration
  • •Nutrient pumping from deep soil layers
  • •Wildlife corridor and habitat
  • •Long-term investment crops (nuts, timber)

Design Tips

  • •Space to allow 50-70% light penetration when mature
  • •Consider mature height and spread plan for 20+ years ahead
  • •Mix deciduous and evergreen where appropriate
  • •Account for juglone toxicity from walnuts
  • •Plant on contour for water harvesting

Example Plants

Chestnut (Castanea spp.)
Nuts, Timber, Wildlife habitat, Carbon sequestration
Spacing: 40-60 feet | Zones: 4-8
Walnut (Juglans regia)
Nuts, Timber, Dye, Medicinal
Spacing: 40-60 feet | Zones: 5-9
Mulberry (Morus spp.)
Fruit, Silkworm fodder, Wildlife, Chicken feed
Spacing: 25-35 feet | Zones: 4-9
Persimmon (Diospyros virginiana)
Fruit, Wildlife, Wood for golf clubs/tools
Spacing: 20-35 feet | Zones: 4-9